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What we learned from 1 million businesses in the cloud

The reliability of cloud computing has been a hot topic recently, partly because glitches in the cloud don't happen behind closed doors as with traditional on-premises solutions for businesses. Instead, when a small number of cloud computing users have problems, it makes headlines. As with most things at Google, we are fanatical about measuring the availability of Gmail, and we thought it best to simply share our reliability metrics, which we measure as average uptime per user based on server-side error rates. We think this reliability metric lets you do a true side-by-side comparison with other solutions.

We measure every server request for every user, every moment of every day. Any millisecond delay is logged. Over the last year, Gmail has been available more than 99.9 percent of the time — for everyone, both consumers and business users. The vast majority of people using Gmail have seen few issues, experienced no downtime, and have continued to have a great Gmail experience, with exception of an outage in August 2008. If you average all these data together, including the August outage, across the entire Gmail service, there has been an aggregate 10-15 minutes of downtime per month over the last year of providing the service. That 10-15 minutes per month average represents small delays of a couple of seconds here and there. A very small number of people have unfortunately been subject to some disruption of service that affected them for a few minutes or a few hours. For those users, we are very sorry. And for Google Apps Premier Edition customers, we have extended service level agreement credits to them.

So how does greater than 99.9 percent reliability compare to more conventional approaches for business email? We asked some experts. Naturally, the normal caveats apply for on-premises solutions, since each individual business environment will vary, depending on server reliability, staff response time, and actual maintenance schedules for each application.

According to the research firm Radicati Group, companies with on-premises email solutions averaged from 30 to 60 minutes of unscheduled downtime and an additional 36 to 90 minutes of planned downtime per month.1

Looking just at the unplanned outages that catch IT staffs by surprise, these results suggest Gmail is twice as reliable as a Novell GroupWise solution, and four times more reliable than a Microsoft Exchange-based solution that companies must maintain themselves. And higher reliability translates to higher employee productivity. Gmail's reliability jumps to more than four times as reliable as a GroupWise solution and 10 times more reliable than an Exchange-based solution if you factor in the planned outages inherent in on-premises messaging platforms. But this isn't the only way Google Apps helps businesses do more with their resources. Compared to the costs of Microsoft Exchange, IBM Lotus or Novell GroupWise — including software licensing, server expenses and the labor associated with deploying, maintaining and upgrading them on a regular basis — Google Apps leaves companies with much more time and money to focus on their real business.

We are now extending what we've learned from Gmail to the other applications in Google Apps.

Today, we're announcing that we will extend the 99.9 percent service level agreement we offer Premier Edition customers on Gmail to Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Sites, and Google Talk. We have been delivering high levels of reliability across all these products, so it makes sense to extend our guarantees to them.

More than 1 million businesses have selected Google Apps to run their business, and tens of millions of people use Gmail every day. With this type of adoption, a disruption of any size — even a minor one affecting fewer than 0.003% of Google Apps Premier Edition users, like the one a few weeks ago — attracts a disproportional amount of attention. We've made a series of commitments to improve our communications with customers during any outages, and we have an unwavering commitment to make all issues visible and transparent through our open user groups.

Google is one of the 1 million businesses that run on Google Apps, and any service interruption affects our users and our business; our engineers are also some of our most demanding customers. We understand the importance of delivering on the cloud's promise of greater security, reliability and capability at lower cost. We are hugely thankful to our customers who drive us to become better every day.

1. The Radicati Group, 2008. "Corporate IT Survey – Messaging & Collaboration, 2008-2009"

Posted by Matthew Glotzbach, Product Management Director, Google Enterprise


Google TV Ads Invoiced Costs Now Finalized in 4 Days

via Traditional Media: Let's Take it Offline de Aly Makishima le 30/10/08

Google TV Ads has launched "early finalization" of invoiced costs in Report Center. What does this mean for you? Now, you can manage actual spend more quickly within Report Center. The Delivered Cost, Effective CPM, Overdelivery, and Invoiced Cost will all be finalized just four days after your ad has aired.

Once the data has been finalized, the numbers will appear in these columns:

(Click on the image for a full-size version)

Note that to provide you with the most accurate audience measurement, impressions and tuning metrics will continue to be finalized eight days after the ad's airing. We process data from millions of set-top boxes, and it takes seven days to finalize impression counts. For invoicing purposes, the Delivered Cost, Invoiced Cost and Overdelivery data will all be based on impression counts estimated from data accumulated by the third day after the ad's airing. Read more about when cost information is available in your reports here.

Our goal is to provide you with the most complete and accurate impression counts, quickly, so that you can make decisions and optimize your campaigns faster. Learn more about available reports here.

Posted by Aly Makishima for Google TV Ads

Pardus' Google Summer of Code Experience

via Google Open Source Blog de Leslie Hawthorn le 30/10/08

By Faik Yalcin Uygur, Pardus Google Summer of Code Organization Administrator

For Pardus' first year in Google Summer of Code™, it was not a surprise for us that most of our applications were from Turkey, since Pardus is the most well known Linux distribution in our country. But as nearly every review about the project mentions, we are working on our global awareness, and we hope to get more international applications in the coming years.

This year we had 17 student applications and 5 students were accepted to the program; four of them completed their projects successfully.

Cihangir Besiktas, worked on adding Internet sharing capability to Pardus' network manager application. The project's aim was to make an Internet connected box to act as a gateway to its internal network so that other boxes in the network can connect to Internet. By only selecting the interface that is connected to Internet and the interface that Internet is going to be shared to, everything can be done automatically by the network manager. All the work done by Cihangir has been integrated into the network manager and is now part of the latest release of Pardus. Cihangir kept a blog about his project and documented his work.

Isbaran Akcayir, worked on adding 802.1x support to Pardus' network manager application. 802.1x provides authentication to devices attached to a LAN port and it is based on Extensible Authentication Protocol. Although it is possible to connect to the network with wpa_supplicant package from the console, Isbaran added a frontend into Pardus' network manager for easy configuration and connection to 802.1x networks. The work done by Isbaran is integrated into network manager and now is part of the latest release of Pardus.

Mehmet Ozan Kabak, worked on a common notification manager to be used by Pardus' manager applications. This project was inspired by the Growl application for Mac. Mehmet successfully completed his project which has become a qt4 based, skinnable notification management system working on dbus. He kept a blog while developing and documented his project. The latest release of Pardus is KDE3 based, so it is not possible right now to integrate Mehmet's work. But with the next release of Pardus, hopefully it will.

Türker Sezer, worked on an easy to use wizard base Pardus CD/DVD/USB distribution media creator GUI application. Pardus does not provide a package selection screen in its installation program YALI. So his project would allow anyone to create a customized Pardus distribution. He completed his project successfully Also while developing his own project, he helped us to fix our live CD creation problems in our own application. He is going to be working on his project. After fixing some layout and usability problems, he is going to package his application and it will become installable from Pardus repositories.

Our first year was beneficial for us and we hope also for our students. Congratulations to all of them and their mentors!

Beta and Plugin Improvements in Google Chrome

via Chromium Blog de Ian Fette le 30/10/08

After the beta launch in early September, from the first wave of feedback, we realized that a large number of users were facing plugin compatibility issues in Google Chrome. These included Adobe Flash videos not playing, as well as various browser performance issues with Adobe Flash and Adobe PDF document loading. There was even an issue where the browser consumed 100% CPU when users interacted with plugins.

This is exactly the kind of feedback we are expecting from a beta launch. We have invested a lot of effort into automating compatibility testing for large number of web pages but there is nothing like actual user feedback. We are impressed by the user response to the beta and the quality of bug reports filed. Nothing more motivating than a lot of users waiting for your work. :)

One of the big issues was support for PDF Fast WebView, which is the ability for a webserver to byte serve a PDF document. This allows a client to request specific byte ranges in the file while skipping pages that are not needed. This is supported generically by seekable streams specification in NPAPI, which Google Chrome now implements. This should improve performance with large PDF files or any other content served using Fast WebView.

We had a lot of fun fixing other issues too, and here are the stories behind a couple of them.
YouTube videos stop after six seek attempts:

We received several reports of YouTube videos failing to play. Many reports indicated that this symptom had something to do with using the slider while playing the video. However, we didn't have a reliable scenario to reproduce in this in-house.

Darin Fisher observed that if you move the slider many times, the video stopped playing. Furthermore, he found out that if the slider was moved exactly six times the video would stop playing. This was interesting, because Google Chrome uses a maximum of 6 HTTP connections per host.

A quick check of the 'I/O Status' in about:network revealed that all connections were active. The question then became one of why the existing connections weren't canceled when the slider was moved.

Darin found that the Flash plugin would return an error when we supplied it data while the slider was moved. In this case a browser is supposed to cancel the connection and that's what fixed it.

Google Finance chart dragging:

This report was very interesting, due to the fact that it only occurred on single core machines. Of course, in the end we found out that there wasn't any direct connection between the root cause and single core machines. In Google Chrome plugin windows live in a separate plugin process so a plugin has little or no influence on the browser thread, or so we thought.

After some inspection we found out that when a plugin is receiving mouse input, the browser main thread spins with 100% CPU for sometime. Now, the twist to the story is that since a plugin window is a child of the browser window, thread inputs of the browser and the plugin are attached.

We started looking at the browser message loop more closely. Soon we discovered that MsgWaitForMultipleObjects/PeekMessage APIs behaved strangely when thread inputs are attached. The MsgWaitForMultipleObjects API is typically used to block until an event or a windows message such as an input is available for processing. In this case, we found that it was returning an indication that an input event was available for processing, while PeekMessage indicated no event was available.

This behavior is probably due to the fact that thread inputs are attached and GetQueueStatus, called internally by MsgWaitForMultipleObjects, returned an indication that input is available in the browser thread, while in reality it was intended for the plugin. This caused the MsgWaitForMultipleObjects not do its intended function of waiting, and caused the browser thread to spin.
These are just a few examples of bugfixes we've made to Google Chrome to address performance issues related to plugins. We continue to look closely at the performance of Google Chrome, both as a whole and in relation to interaction with plugins, to make sure that users are getting the best browsing experience that we can deliver.

Posted by Anantanarayanan Iyengar and Amit Joshi, Software Engineers

Beta and Plugin Improvements in Google Chrome

After the beta launch in early September, from the first wave of feedback, we realized that a large number of users were facing plugin compatibility issues in Google Chrome. These included Adobe Flash videos not playing, as well as various browser performance issues with Adobe Flash and Adobe PDF document loading. There was even an issue where the browser consumed 100% CPU when users interacted with plugins.

This is exactly the kind of feedback we are expecting from a beta launch. We have invested a lot of effort into automating compatibility testing for large number of web pages but there is nothing like actual user feedback. We are impressed by the user response to the beta and the quality of bug reports filed. Nothing more motivating than a lot of users waiting for your work. :)

One of the big issues was support for PDF Fast WebView, which is the ability for a webserver to byte serve a PDF document. This allows a client to request specific byte ranges in the file while skipping pages that are not needed. This is supported generically by seekable streams specification in NPAPI, which Google Chrome now implements. This should improve performance with large PDF files or any other content served using Fast WebView.

We had a lot of fun fixing other issues too, and here are the stories behind a couple of them.
YouTube videos stop after six seek attempts:

We received several reports of YouTube videos failing to play. Many reports indicated that this symptom had something to do with using the slider while playing the video. However, we didn't have a reliable scenario to reproduce in this in-house.

Darin Fisher observed that if you move the slider many times, the video stopped playing. Furthermore, he found out that if the slider was moved exactly six times the video would stop playing. This was interesting, because Google Chrome uses a maximum of 6 HTTP connections per host.

A quick check of the 'I/O Status' in about:network revealed that all connections were active. The question then became one of why the existing connections weren't canceled when the slider was moved.

Darin found that the Flash plugin would return an error when we supplied it data while the slider was moved. In this case a browser is supposed to cancel the connection and that's what fixed it.

Google Finance chart dragging:

This report was very interesting, due to the fact that it only occurred on single core machines. Of course, in the end we found out that there wasn't any direct connection between the root cause and single core machines. In Google Chrome plugin windows live in a separate plugin process so a plugin has little or no influence on the browser thread, or so we thought.

After some inspection we found out that when a plugin is receiving mouse input, the browser main thread spins with 100% CPU for sometime. Now, the twist to the story is that since a plugin window is a child of the browser window, thread inputs of the browser and the plugin are attached.

We started looking at the browser message loop more closely. Soon we discovered that MsgWaitForMultipleObjects/PeekMessage APIs behaved strangely when thread inputs are attached. The MsgWaitForMultipleObjects API is typically used to block until an event or a windows message such as an input is available for processing. In this case, we found that it was returning an indication that an input event was available for processing, while PeekMessage indicated no event was available.

This behavior is probably due to the fact that thread inputs are attached and GetQueueStatus, called internally by MsgWaitForMultipleObjects, returned an indication that input is available in the browser thread, while in reality it was intended for the plugin. This caused the MsgWaitForMultipleObjects not do its intended function of waiting, and caused the browser thread to spin.
These are just a few examples of bugfixes we've made to Google Chrome to address performance issues related to plugins. We continue to look closely at the performance of Google Chrome, both as a whole and in relation to interaction with plugins, to make sure that users are getting the best browsing experience that we can deliver.

Posted by Anantanarayanan Iyengar and Amit Joshi, Software Engineers

Ghoul Books, Bat Puns

Posted by Hicham Alaoui, Associate Product Marketing Manager

Tomorrow is Halloween, so to help get you into the spirit, we've gathered a bunch of the best scary classics you can find on Google Book Search and added them to our special Halloween books section. You'll find everything from old favorites, like Dracula or Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, to more obscure spooky characters, like the student-turned-zombie out for revenge in Gregory Lamberson's Johnny Gruesome. or the creepy ghost haunting The Old Willis Place in Mary Downing Hahn's tale. These and other fun stories will be featured on the front page of Google Book Search.

And if you're dying for more, you can find other eerie tales at google.com/scarystories. Search the full text to find out who famously uttered "nevermore," why Van Helsing was forced to behead the "bloofer lady" and how Ichabod Crane met his untimely end in a tranquil glen called Sleepy Hollow.

The fun doesn't stop there -- if you see a "Download" button, you're free to download, save, and/or print a PDF version to read at your own pace. If you rediscover an old favorite or new story you want to own in hard copy, the "All editions" link will show you multiple editions, many of which are available for purchase.

Happy Halloween, and as you start this tasty meal of scary tales, bone appétit!

Looking back in time for context

Posted by Jack Hebert, Software Engineer

News coverage usually focuses on the most recent events, and when we first launched quotes, we did the same. However, past events frequently provide context that helps us better understand the present. With this in mind, we recently extended our quotes coverage back to 2003. Hopefully this new data (our quotes index grew 15x in size!) will help shed light on what people have thought and said over time, and how their views have changed.

As always, to find a person's quotes you can search for their name on Google News, and if we have any quotes from that person, they'll appear in a onebox at the top of the page. Click on the 'more by' link and from there you can simply browse through all our quotes from that person, or filter them to a specific year using the links on the left. Try comparing Alan Greenspan's quotes on the economy from 2004 to those from 2008:


People running for office are some of the most prolific speakers, especially on economic matters. In Quotes makes it easy to compare what McCain and Obama have said about the economy (or, try comparing Palin and Biden.)

Of course, quotes are not restricted to politics--there are also many from sports figures. See what Michael Phelps said about the 2004 and 2008 Olympic games, or what Roger Federer has been saying about Wimbledon.

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